practice of eating maize treated with lime or wood ashes, a treatment which increases the bioavailability of the niacin in maize (see section on niacin). Carpenter (1981) made the followin The treatment of pellagra consisted to exogenous administration of niacin or nicotinamide cures. Topical management of skin lesions with emollients may reduce discomfort. The therapy should also include other B vitamins, zinc and magnesium as well as a diet rich in calories Pellagra treatment typically includes correcting the deficiency. Most often, treatments include: Niacin or nicotinamide taken as oral supplements or into the vein (IV) A high-protein diet plus supplement prescriptions to correct other deficiencie
What is the treatment for pellagra? General and preventative measures. Daily oral intake of 15-20 mg niacin prevents pellagra in all age groups. Niacin supplements are recommended for patients taking long-term medications known to cause pellagra such as isoniazid and ethionamide. Topical emollients may help relieve skin symptoms Children and adults: 100 mg 3 times daily, give with a diet rich in protein until the patient is fully cured. - In the event of an epidemic of pellagra, for example in a refugee camp, it is vital that the food ration be modified (add groundnuts or dry vegetables) in order to meet the daily requirements (approximately 15 mg daily for adults) In order to prevent and/or treat pellagra, provide a diet high in protein and adequate in calories. The addition of meats, milk, peanuts, green leafy vegetables, whole or enriched grains, and.. The treatment approach for pellagra depends on treating the underlying cause for pellagra. Treatment will include returning niacin and tryptophan (if needed) to normal levels. Administering supplements will help to replenish these substances until balance is restored
Pellagra can easily be treated by eating foods or taking supplements rich in niacin. For secondary pellagra, the treatment entails correcting the cause of the problem. If left untreated, it can lead to death. Consult your health professional when in doubt People can treat primary pellagra by eating a diet rich in niacin. Meat, eggs, fish, and legumes, such as peas and lentils, are high in niacin. However, a doctor will likely prescribe vitamin. To prevent and/or treat pellagra, prescribe a protein-rich diet with adequate calories. The addition of meats, milk, peanuts, leafy green vegetables, whole or enriched grains, and brewer's dry.. Pellagra (vitamin B deficiency) is rare complication that typically manifests late in the course of the disease and should be treated with low doses of niacin supplements. From: Palliative Care , 200
Treatment. If untreated, pellagra can kill within four or five years. Treatment is with nicotinamide, which has the same vitamin function as niacin and a similar chemical structure, but has lower toxicity. The frequency and amount of nicotinamide administered depends on the degree to which the condition has progressed Patients with symptomatic pellagra should be treated with 50-100 mg of niacin or niacinamide (a different form of niacin thought to have fewer side effects) three times a day for five days. Large doses of niacin may cause flushing and nausea with vomiting, but improvement in skin and neurological conditions is usually seen within two days Treatment of pellagra Oral therapy which includes nicotinamide or niacin is very useful in eradicating and reversing the symptoms of pellagra. Since malnourishment and lack of protein diet cause the disease, it is very important to administer these nutrients for complete recovery Management. Prognosis and prevention. Pellagra results from the deficiency of niacin (vitamin B3). It was first described by Don Casal, a Spanish court physician in the 1700s, where thickened skin was noted in peasants. However, it was not until the 1900s that the cause and treatment of pellagra was determined
Biochemistry - Protein Metabolism - Tryptophan - Pellagra / Alexandria University Faculty of Medicine / 1st year; Biochemistry - Vitamins - Vitamin B - Niacin / Alexandria University Faculty of Medicine / 1st year مصادر أخرى. Kraut, Alan. Dr. Joseph Goldberger and the War on Pellagra, By Alan Kraut, Ph.D. Office of History, National. Drugs used to treat Pellagra The following list of medications are in some way related to, or used in the treatment of this condition. Select drug class All drug classes vitamins (6) miscellaneous antihyperlipidemic agents (6
When pellagra is left untreated, it can lead to the death of the individual within 4-5 years. When it comes to treating secondary pellagra, the underlying health condition is first diagnosed. Further, treatment for the said cause will eventually help the patient recover from pellagra The pellagra disease is treatable with a niacin dosage that's also found in coriander leaves. Therefore, soak around 250g of coriander leaves in a cup of water overnight. Strain and consume the next morning to fight off Vitamin B3 deficiency. 4 Certain medicines, such as isoniazid, 5-fluorouracil, 6-mercaptopurine, pyrazinamide, hydantoin, ethionamide, phenobarbital, azathioprine, and chloramphenicol. The disease is common in parts of the world (certain parts of Africa) where people have a lot of untreated corn in their diet Pellagra treatment. Pellagra can be effectively cured with intravenous or oral niacin or nicotinamide. The adult dose is nicotinamide 100 mg orally, every 6 hours for several days until relief of acute symptoms, followed by 50 mg 8 to 12 hourly until all skin lesions heal 26)
Niacin Deficiency Symptoms. Severe deficiency, called pellagra, can cause symptoms related to the skin, digestive system, and nervous system. They include: If not treated, pellagra can lead to. Of 17 Egyptian fellahin patients with pellagra, 9 underwent a preliminary control period with hospital diet or hospital diet and marmite, and showed no improvement. All the patients were then treated with nicotinamide or nicotinic acid in a daily dose of 1.0 g. orally or 0.5 g. by injection, and showed improvement in the acute lesions of the mucous membrane and a slow improvement in the acute.. Pellagra was not uncommon in the early 20th century among individuals living in poverty in the southern United States and parts of Europe whose limited diets consisted mainly of corn [2,3]. The World Health Organization recommends treating pellagra with 300 mg/day nicotinamide in divided doses for 3-4 weeks along with a B-complex or yeast. Pellagra. Pellagra is a disease that occurs due to the deficiency of vitamin B3 or niacin. Symptoms include skin redness, loss of appetite, anorexia nervosa and tongue inflammatio
Pellagra is a nutritional disease due to deficiency of the vitamin niacin and the essential amino acid tryptophan. The clinical features of pellagra are dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia; it is commonly known as the 'disease of the four Ds,' since it is also fatal - the fourth 'D' is death Treatment of Pellagra: a. Nicotinic acid or nicotinamide are the standard treatment for quick relief of symptoms. Nicotinamide is to be preferred because it does not cause the unpleasant flushing and burning sensations that often result from taking nicotinic acid. These are transitory and harmless, but may alarm the patient Treatment of Vitamin E deficiency may reverse or halt the progression of the neurological symptoms. Treatment begins with oral supplementation of Vitamin E 400 international units twice daily, with a gradual increase in the dose until normalization of serum vitamin E levels. Pellagra is the clinical manifestation of nicotinic acid (niacin.
Vitamin B3 is essential for good health; deficiency leads to a serious illness, pellagra. Oral nicotinamide can be used effectively to treat pellagra. Nicotinamide used as medicine may benefit the skin in several different ways. Nicotinamide has anti-inflammatory properties, which may be used for the treatment of bullous (blistering) diseases Pellagra can be cured effectively through medical treatment, but herbal remedies also speed up the recovery process. Some of the herbs which are commonly used as remedies for pellagra include Watercress, Alfalfa, Lavender, Asparagus, Aloe Vera, Gumweed, Coriander Leaf, Fenugreek, Blueberry and Burdock. Herbs soothe the inflammation and pain of. Pellagra Treatment in Annapolis, MD. Do you have red, flaky, crusty, or scaly skin? Do you feel depressed, anxious, or mentally unstable? Have you recently changed diets or medication, or have you been diagnosed with alcoholism, cirrhosis, Hartnup disease, or an eating disorder? You maybe experiencing pellagra, a niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency Diet. To prevent and/or treat pellagra, prescribe a protein-rich diet with adequate calories. The addition of meats, milk, peanuts, leafy green vegetables, whole or enriched grains, and brewer's dry yeast can enhance niacin intake. In patients with oral dysphagia secondary to glossitis, a liquid or a semisolid diet may be required Pellagra Treatment. Earlier, the dermatitis of kwashiorkor has been mistaken for Infantile Pellagra. The condition is usually treated by the use of nicotinic acid, along with changes in diet, to make sure that a sufferer gets the nutrition that meets bodily requirement in future. Niacin and tryptophan can be found in rich doses in foods like
Pellagra can be very difficult to diagnose because of variety symptoms .there is no specific test to detect niacin deficiency .it identify by clinically observing the patient symptoms Treatment primary pellagra is treated along with dietary changes and some sort of niacin or nicotinamide dietary supplement Pellagra. Pellagra is a disease caused by low levels of niacin, also known as vitamin B-3. It's marked by dementia, diarrhea, and dermatitis, also known as the three Ds. If left untreated, pellagra can be fatal. There are two types of pellagra, known as primary pellagra and secondary pellagra. Primary pellagra is caused by diets low in.
Treat the Underlying causes. This is most effective when handling secondary pellagra. You have to treat the underlying cause of this deficiency before your body can absorb niacin (vitamin B3). Increase your intake of water. Water is the best remedy for most diseases 1928). While pellagra was not as pervasive as hookworm, which infected around one-third of the Southern population, it is important to remember that pellagra is an extreme indicator: one need not have developed a full-blown case of pellagra to have been poorly nourished, and the high incidence of pellagra is suggestive of widespread malnutritio Homeopathy for Pellagra Treatment Causes of pellagra. Pellagra arises when the diet is chronically deficient in niacin (nicotinic acid) or contains excess... Symptoms of pellagra. Pellagra can be recognized by a characteristic symmetrical rash where skin is exposed to sunlight. Diagnosis of. View in Chinese. involved in the synthesis and metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and proteins. Niacin deficiency causes pellagra, which is characterized by a photosensitive pigmented dermatitis (typically located . ›. Photosensitivity disorders (photodermatoses): Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment
Treating and Preventing Pellagra. For good body functioning, the recommended daily allowance of niacin is 16 milligrams for men 19 and older, while women 19 and older require 14 milligrams. The underlying condition responsible for pellagra must first be treated to help reverse any complications of vitamin B3 deficiency Causes of secondary pellagra include: Chronic alcoholism. Prolonged diarrhoea. Gastrointestinal diseases such as ulcerative colitis. Liver cirrhosis. Carcinoid tumours. Hartnup disease (tryptophan.
While pellagra appears to be a rare entity currently, it may still develop. It is important to recognize how the disease manifests to ensure adequate and timely treatment. We present a case of pellagra secondary to anorexia nervosa in a 28-year-old woman. We observed the classical signs: erythema in the neck region, diarrhea, and neurologic symptoms Treatment of pellagra usually involves supplementing the individual's diet with a form of niacin called niacinamide (niacin itself in pure supplementation form causes a number of unpleasant side effects, including sensations of itching, burning, and flushing).The niacinamide can be given by mouth (orally) or by injection (when diarrhea would interfere with its absorption) Since remarkable results of nicotinic acid treament of acute pellagra have been reported from numerous sources 1 it naturally follows that the same treatment should be tried in recurrent and chronic forms of the disease as seen in an ambulatory clinic. The application of dietary measures, even with the aid of yeast, has not been satisfactory with the ambulatory patient It affects digestion and metabolism grossly and causes pellagra. Pellagra Treatment. Taking the physicians' advice is very vital. He will assess your symptoms, prescribe medications and suggest a diet. Consuming niacin rich foods help fight the disease effectively. Rich sources are: whole cereals and grains, pulses, groundnuts, walnuts, and milk
Treatment guidelines suggest using 300 mg/day of oral nicotinamide in divided doses, or 100 mg/day administered parenterally in divided doses, for three to four weeks . Because patients with pellagra often display additional vitamin deficiencies, administration of a vitamin B-complex preparation is advised . The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA Crossword Clue The crossword clue Pellagra treatment with 6 letters was last seen on the January 01, 1998.We think the likely answer to this clue is NIACIN.Below are all possible answers to this clue ordered by its rank. You can easily improve your search by specifying the number of letters in the answer Pellagra is a condition that chiefly occurs due to low levels of Vitamin B3 (i.e., Niacin) in the body. Marked by the three Ds i.e., dementia, diarrhea, and dermatitis, pellagra mainly affects the digestive system, skin, and nerves, resulting in skin, gastrointestinal and mental disorders Carcinoid syndrome (CS) develops in patients with hormone-producing neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) when hormones reach a significant level in the systemic circulation. The classical symptoms of carcinoid syndrome are flushing, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and wheezing. Neuroendocrine neoplasms can produce multiple hormones: 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) is the most well-known one, but.
Pellagra est ex low campester of morbus effecit niacin, Vitaminum B et quae-III. Suus 'marked dementia, deiectio est, ubi et DERMATITIS, also known as' trium Ds . Si reliquit increatos, non potest esse exitiale pellagra Remedies for pellagra. Here are a few natural remedies that are useful for the treatment of pellagra: Intaking niacin supplements. Niacin supplements are considered to be a prerequisite in order to treat pellagra. It is recommended to intake less than 2000 mg of niacin supplements daily. You may notice rashes or skin flushing on the upper parts. Treatment of pellagra involves treating the cause. Pellagra caused by inadequate dietary uptake is easily corrected by niacin supplements. Patients start feeling better within a span of a few days to weeks. Skin problems, however, take months to resolve 8 Best Herbal Remedies For Pellagra. Drink Water. Water is the best medicine to cure most of the diseases. It has the best quality of removing harmful substances from the body as it washes with itself all type of toxins. This washing of toxins from the body helps in reducing the inflammations inside the body. It may not be the only cure Pellagra, Symptoms and Treatment. disease. October 13, 2016. by admin. The disease with the intriguing title pellagra noother than as a consequence of inadequate and poor nutrition. It develops when the body is in desperate need of nicotinic acid, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, folic acid and amino acid tryptophan
Pellagra- Causes and Treatment . Description. Pellagra received its name from Francesco Frapoli in the mid seventeen hundreds in Milan. He named the disease pelle agra because it meant skin sour, which was one of the most visible characteristics of Pellagra. It is a disease that is caused by a vitamin deficiency of niacin and/or tryptophan Pellagra is a condition of having too little niacin in the body and affects the normal function of the nerves, digestive system, and skin. Pellagra may result in a number of symptoms. The symptoms can vary in intensity from person to person. Common symptoms of pellagra. You may experience pellagra symptoms daily or just once in a while. At. TREATMENT (MEDICAL) • NICOTINAMIDE 500mg / day X 03-04 weeks Neurological reversal within 24-48 hrs Cutaneous resolution within 04 weeks • NIACIN 50-100mg PO TDS X 03-04 weeks • TREATING UNDERLYING CAUSES IN SECONDARY PELLAGRA 23. THANK YO
Treatment Lupus. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Anti-inflammatory medications to reduce the inflammation and pain... Rosacea. Treatment for rosacea may include creams or gels to help soothe and repair the skin and reduce redness, as well... Bacterial infection. Causes linked to. But during the early part of the 20th-century, pellagra, a disease that results from a diet deficient in niacin, killed many poor Southerners. Dr. Joseph Goldberger, a physician in the U.S. government's Hygienic Laboratory, the predecessor of the National Institutes of Health, discovered the cause of pellagra and stepped on a number of medical. Below is a list of common natural remedies used to treat or reduce the symptoms of Pellagra. Follow the links to read common uses, side effects, dosage details and read user reviews for the drugs. Pellagra is a vitamin deficiency disease caused by dietary lack of niacin (vitamin B3) and protein, especially proteins containing the essential amino acid tryptophan. Because tryptophan can be converted into niacin, foods with tryptophan but without niacin, such as milk, prevent pellagra.However, if dietary tryptophan is diverted into protein production, niacin deficiency may still result Eggs are good to prevent pellagra along with being an effective treatment for the ailment. There is a high quantity of niacin in eggs which replenishes the body's stores of niacin, and hence eggs should be included in your daily diet in order to prevent ailments like pellagra
Pellagra is the clinical manifestation of vitamin B3 deficiency. This is uncommon in the developed world but involves the deficient intake, absorption, or use of niacin or tryptophan. Common scenarios include alcoholism, chronic gastrointestinal diseases, cirrhosis, fad or restrictive (atopic dermatitis) diets, and psychiatric conditions that. Diagnosis and Treatment of Pellagra: Medication processing.... Medication The goals of pharmacotherapy are to correct vitamin deficiency, prevent complications, and reduce morbidity. Vitamins Class Summary Exogenous administration cures the syndrome and, within the levels prescribed, niacin use is not associated with the uncomfortable flushing.
Treatment. Pellagra is a condition that occurs when a person develops a deficiency in vitamin B3, also called niacin. There are two types of deficiency a person can have. A primary deficiency occurs when a person is not getting enough niacin in their diet, and a secondary deficiency is when the body isn't able to use the nutrient properly. Pellagra is a disease of the Whole Body. The deficiency of a nutrient called Nicotinic Acid causes Pellagra. Nicotinic Acid is a substance of Vitamin B. It plays an important role in human body functions. It is required for the process of cellular respiration. It promotes the release the enzymes and helps break down of Carbohydrates, Fats and. Treatment for pellagra disease If the patient is fairly in the advanced stage of pellagra, hospitalisation is required for of acute niacin deficiency. Patient with milder symptoms may undergo treatment at home for niacin deficiency
Overview. Scurvy is better known as severe vitamin C deficiency. Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, is an essential dietary nutrient. It plays a role in the development and functioning of several bodily. Pellagra can be classified into two types: The primary pellagra occurs because of an insufficient amount of tryptophan or niacin in the diet (mainly found in poor countries).; Secondary pellagra- Niacin is present in the diet, but the two major factors for metabolism absorption and processing are absent. Causes include - liver cirrhosis, gastrointestinal diseases like ulcerative colitis. After blood tests, low levels of tryptophan prompted a diagnosis of pellagra. After treatment with vitamin B supplements and surgery, however, the patient's condition improved significantly. The researchers concluded that thorough examinations are vital to correct diagnoses and that, though rare, pellagra is still a possibility, particularly.
We have observed that in a number of children in pellagra families, who were free from pellagra several years ago, early lesions of the disease are now developing. During the past year, 206 children with pellagra, forty with beriberi and twenty with riboflavin deficiency have responded to specific therapy Smith DT, Ruffin JM, and Smith SG. Pellagra successfully treated with nicotinic acid: a case report. JAMA 1937;109:2054-2055. Spies TD, Grant JM, Stone RE, et al. Recent observations on the treatment of six hundred pellagrins with special emphasis on the use of nicotinic acid in prophylaxis. South Med J 1938;31(12):1231 Pellagra is a condition caused by the deficiency of niacin; symptoms include skin rashes, diarrhea, and dementia. Niacinamide supplements are an established mode of treatment for this condition. Although niacin can also be used to treat pellagra, niacinamide is often considered a better alternative because it does not cause the skin flushing.
Background: Pellagra is caused by niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency and manifested by a distinctive dermatitis. Isoniazid is critical for treating tuberculosis globally and is a component of most regimens to prevent tuberculosis. Isoniazid may contribute to pellagra by disrupting intracellular niacin synthesis. In 2017, Malawian clinicians recognized a high incidence of pellagra-like rashes after. Pellagra: Pellagra is deficiency disease often caused by lack of vitamin B-3 in the body. This condition should be treated as the body's immune can't fight the disease. Dermatitis and dementia are symptoms of pellagra. These may cause replicate symptoms on the lips. Provision of vitamin B-3 to the body orally can help cure pellagra Pellagra is treated with daily doses of nicotinamide taken by mouth. Nicotinamide, unlike nicotinic acid, does not cause flushing, itching, burning, or tingling sensations. Because people with niacin deficiency often have other nutritional deficiencies, eating a balanced diet is important. Supplements of other B vitamins are also taken A larger group of reputable researchers concluded that the rampant contamination of rat-infested alleys caused the dreaded disease (r = .309, p = .40. Based on the data from the two studies, what initial course of action would you advise for the treatment of Pellagra? Question 9 options: Start giving their patients more fruits and vegetables
Pellagra is a disease caused by a lack of the vitamin niacin (vitamin B 3).Symptoms include inflamed skin, diarrhea, dementia, and sores in the mouth. Areas of the skin exposed to either sunlight or friction are typically affected first Pellagra is a systemic disease caused by a deficiency in the B vitamin niacin (also known as vitamin B3 or nicotinic acid). However, it can also be brought about by poorly-balanced intake of amino acids. Pellagra is characterized by the classical symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia. Pellagra (Niacin Deficiency Disease): Read more about Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications. Treatment. The goal of treatment is to increase your body's niacin level. You will be prescribed niacin supplements. You may also need to take other supplements. Follow your provider's instructions exactly on how much and how often to take the supplements. Symptoms due to the pellagra, such as skin sores, will be treated We found one answer for the crossword clue Pellagra treatment. Are you looking for more answers, or do you have a question for other crossword enthusiasts? Use the Crossword Q & A community to ask for help. If you haven't solved the crossword clue Pellagra treatment yet try to search our Crossword Dictionary by entering the letters you already know Pellagra is a potentially fatal, nutritional disease with cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and neuropsychiatric manifestations. Because of the diversity of pellagra's signs and symptoms, diagnosis is difficult without an appropriate index of suspicion. A case of pellagra in a 14-year-old girl with anorexia nervosa is presented. Signs and symptoms of pellagra were resolved after niacin therapy.
Pellagra could be an important part of the puzzle as well. Between 1906 to 1940, almost 3 million Americans developed pellagra due to a niacin deficient diet. The symptoms include dermatitis, dementia, and death. In four to ten percent of cases, active psychosis develops, which mimics schizophrenia Dr. Peter Osborne was live. Niacin, also known as vitamin B3, was first isolated and identified as a treatment for a condition known as pellagra, which primarily causes inflammation of the skin (dermatitis), diarrhea, and dementia. Often times referred to as the three D's of pellagra, if left untreated, niacin deficiency can lead to a 4th. จาก Pellagra ส่วนใหญ่มีผลกระทบต่อผิวหนังทางเดินอาหารและระบบประสาท ในสถานที่ที่สองที่จะ รับ ระบบต่อมไร้ท่อ, หัวใจและกล้ามเนื้อโครงร่า Commonly presents with flushing and diarrhoea. Other clinical features include wheeze, palpitations, telangiectasia, and abdominal pain. Symptoms develop due to secretion of serotonin, kinins, and other biogenic amines from functional secretory neuroendocrine tumours. Diagnosed by elevated levels..
Sign Up to Our Newsletter. Get notified about exclusive offers every week Pellagra-Symptoms, treatment, and prevention. Posted by ponswami October 22, 2020 Posted in Uncategorized. Low levels of niacin also known as vitamin B-3 causes pellagra. It is marked by The three DS and they are dementia, dermatitis, and diarrhea. It can also be fatal if remain untreated. Though pellagra is much less common than it is. Treatment of pellagra involves the following: Vitamin B3 (niacin) - supplementation with vitamin B3 ( niacin ) is recommended to help increase this nutrient in the bloodstream, to reduce symptoms and prevent any possible complications and late stage symptom
Pellagra is a disease caused by deficiency of niacin (one of the B complex vitamins) or tryptophan (an amino acid). An amino acid is a building block for proteins. Pellagra is defined by the systemic disease resulting from niacin deficiency, and it is characterized by diarrhoea, dermatitis, dementia, and death, which usually appear in this order Pellagra, caused by vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency, is traditionally described as dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia (3D), and even death (4D) syndrome if not recognized and treated promptly. Although full-blown pellagra with all 3D features has become rare, pellagra still exists, especially in high-risk populations, which is actually more. We know that Covid-19 causes low NAD+ and that this low NAD+ results in Covid-19 Induced Secondary Pellagra (CISP), and that pellagra and long-haul symptoms are the same. These long haul NAD+ symptoms also respond to treatment with nicotinic acid (niacin) with great success. Managing Long Haul Patients Joseph Goldberger (Hungarian: Goldberger József) (July 16, 1874 - January 17, 1929) was an American physician and epidemiologist in the United States Public Health Service (PHS). As a public health official, he was an advocate for scientific and social recognition of the links between poverty and disease. He was nominated four times for the Nobel Prize for his important work on the link. Swash et al. in 1972 reported a case of pellagra-like encephalopathy on treatment with ethionamide and cycloserine . Our patient did not develop pellagroid dermatitis while niacin in the form of multivitamins (containing vitamin B complex: with nicotinamide 100 mg, vitamin A, D, C, E and biotin) was taken , but developed skin lesions when. Pellagra is a nutrition deficiency disease, associated with niacin deficiency. The symptoms of pellagra are referred to as the three D's, namely, dermatitis, diarrhoea and dementia, referring to skin, gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric symptoms, respectively